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41.
David?W.?ChanEmail author Connie?Suk-Han?Ho Suk-Man?Tsang Suk-Han?Lee Kevin?K.?H.?Chung 《Annals of dyslexia》2003,53(1):300-323
Primary school teachers rated the frequency of occurrence of 65 reading-related behavioral characteristics of Grade 1 to Grade
6 Chinese school children in Hong Kong. An item factor analysis based on ratings on 554 students yielded two major dimensions
of behavioral characteristics on reading and writing problems, and sequencing and spatial difficulties. In predicting the
literacy and cognitive skills of a separate sample of 184 school children, gender, age, and the two empirical scales developed
on the basis of factor analysis were used as predictors in regression analyses. The findings indicated that reading and writing
problems emerged as the most predominant predictor of various literacy and cognitive deficits. The two mean scores of behavioral
characteristics for children with dyslexia were significantly elevated as compared with those for children without dyslexia.
Implications of the findings for screening dyslexia and predicting specific cognitive deficits using classroom-based behavior
checklists are discussed. 相似文献
42.
Financial reform of basic education in China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Mun C. Tsang 《Economics of Education Review》1996,15(4):423-444
Since the early 1980s, the financing of basic education in China has moved rapidly away from a centralized system with a narrow revenue base to a decentralized system with a diversified revenue base. This paper provides a critical assessment of the impacts of the financial reform of basic education in China, focusing on issues of structure, resource mobilization, inequality, and inefficiency. It concludes that while the reform has been successful in achieving the objectives of structural change and mobilization of additional government and non-government resources, the current system is marked by notable weaknesses in terms of glaring inequalities and significant inefficiencies. Further improvements of the financing system require interventions both inside and outside the education sector. 相似文献
43.
Gender disparities in science and engineering majors in Chinese universities have received increasing attention from researchers and educators in China in recent years. Using data from a national survey of college students who graduated in 2005, this study documents gender disparities in enrollment and academic performance in science and engineering majors, and explores gender disparities in initial employment experiences of science and engineering graduates. It finds that females lag far behind males in enrollment in science and engineering majors overall. However, females actually are more represented than males in some majors such as mathematics and chemistry though the reverse is true for other science and engineering majors. Also, in science and engineering majors, females perform better than males in both general course grades and in English competency tests. Male science and engineering graduates have a clear advantage over their female counterparts in initial employment after graduation: they have a high employment rate, a higher starting salary, and are more likely to be employed in such jobs as business management and technical specialist. The male advantage in employment rate and starting salary persists even after controlling for other factors. 相似文献
44.
Before there was the digital divide there was the analog divide– and universal service was the attempt to close that analogdivide.
Universal service is becoming ever more complex in terms ofregulatory design as it becomes the digital divide. In order to
evaluatethe promise of the next generation Internet with respect to the digitaldivide this work looks backwards as well as
forwards in time. Byevaluating why previous universal service mechanisms failed andsucceeded this work identifies specific
characteristics ofcommunications systems – in particular in billing and managinguncertainty – and argues that these characteristics
underliesuccess or failure in terms of technological ubiquity. Developing a setof characteristics of services rather than
a set of services is afundamental break with the tradition of universal service. In fact, theimplications of our proposal
is that basic characteristics in theoffering of the service rather than the absolute price are critical toclose the digital
divide: certainty of total charge, ability to avoiddeposits or disconnection via best effort service, and payer-basedcontrol
of all charges. While all of these principles sound obvious infact none of these hold in the telephony network. Universal
service hasevolved from common carriage (serve all with no discrimination) to aright to basic services (100% penetration).
Universal service isnow discussed as the digital divide, as the access to information asopposed to services becomes increasingly
critical. However, we arediscussing in this paper access to the bits and the network rather thanaccess to the information
(or intellectual property) once connected. Theprovision of universal service is seen as a technical problem only in thatthe
technology costs money – universal service debates have longbeen the domain of economists. Yet the design of protocols has
been thedomain of engineers, the building of systems the corporate domain, andthe discussion of equity the interest of ethicists.
The design ofprotocols can define the parameters of the corporate decision-makers,the variables of the economist, and the
questions for the ethicist. Thedesign decisions made at the fundamental levels can make communicationsequity more or less
likely. In this work I focus on the design ofprotocols for the next generation Internet, protocols which willfundamentally
change the best-effort nature of Internet services.Building on the economic and ethnographic work of others I argue thatthe
effects of protocols adoption on universal service can be predictedto some degree. By examination of past and current technologies
Iexamine a set of technical mechanisms to determine how such mechanismsmight harm or enhance universal service. I define each
mechanism (e.g.denial of entry) and offer observations about each particularmechanism's implicit pricing assumptions. I close
with a discussion ofinterest to ethicists and regulators on evaluating communicationsprotocols with respect to universal access.
Protocols for developingmultiple qualities of service for packet-switched networks have focusedon economic efficiency (e.g.
Mackie-Mason, 1995; Choi, Stahl &Winston, 1997; Shapiro & Varian, 1998), billing to encouragewidespread adoption of network
innovations (e.g. Xie & Sirbu, 1985)and billing in a manner consistent with the underlying network (e.g.Clark, 1996). Here
we examine a set of protocols which include varyingquality of service mechanisms with respect to the compatibility of theprotocols
with universal access. 相似文献